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Review Article
Online Published: 31 Jan 2017
 


Critical review of hypercalcemia

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu.


Abstract
Hypercalcemia is a clinical condition with an abnormally high serum calcium (Ca) level. Hypercalcemia is associated with many diseases with primary hyperparathyroidism and some malignancies accounting for greater than 90% of cases. Hypercalcemia may be clinically useful as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for these diseases. This paper covers the various etiologies attributing to hypercalcemia, pathogenesis and the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is a useful diagnostic marker in hypercalcemia-related diseases such as primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancies and granulomatous disorders. Adequate managements or treatments are aimed to reduce serum Ca levels by preventing bone resorption, enhancing urinary Ca excretion, or preventing intestinal Ca absorption. The optimal choice is dependent on the cause and/or severity of hypercalcemia. Drug treatment or management of hypercalcemia include: Bisphosphonates, Gallium nitrate, Glucocorticoids and Denosumab.

Key words: Serum calcium, Primary hyperparathyroidism, Bisphosphonates, Gallium nitrate, Denosumab, Glucocorticoids


 
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Pubmed Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. Critical review of hypercalcemia. J Med Allied Sci. 2017; 7(1): 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690

Web Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. Critical review of hypercalcemia. https://jmas.in/?mno=254690 [Access: September 12, 2024]. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. Critical review of hypercalcemia. J Med Allied Sci. 2017; 7(1): 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. Critical review of hypercalcemia. J Med Allied Sci. (2017), [cited September 12, 2024]; 7(1): 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


Harvard Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu (2017) Critical review of hypercalcemia. J Med Allied Sci, 7 (1), 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


Turabian Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. 2017. Critical review of hypercalcemia. Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences, 7 (1), 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


Chicago Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. "Critical review of hypercalcemia." Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences 7 (2017), 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu. "Critical review of hypercalcemia." Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences 7.1 (2017), 3-8. Print. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley, Chidozie Elochukwu Agu, Tochi Faith Nwosu (2017) Critical review of hypercalcemia. Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences, 7 (1), 3-8. doi:10.5455/jmas.254690


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